Finland’s way to Independence: 1809-1905

For centuries, Finland has been part of the Kingdom of Sweden, often referred to as its eastern territory. This arrangement lasts until 1809, when Sweden loses Finland to Russia in the Finnish War. At this time, Finnish society is divided into four main groups, or estates: nobility, priests, bourgeoisie, and farmers. Each play a role in decision-making under Swedish rule. However, around 70 percent of the population does not belong to an estate; they are people who don't own land, peasants, and have limited influence on governance.

In 1809, Russian Tsar Alexander I calls a meeting in Porvoo with representatives from the four estates. At this gathering, which later becomes known as the Diet of Porvoo, he makes an offer. He promises the representatives that they can retain their status. Finland's legal system and Lutheran faith, practiced since the Swedish period, can also be maintained. However, the condition is that these representatives swear allegiance to the Tsar.

Accepting this offer lets Finland retain internal self-governance and manage its own affairs, to some extent, while remaining under Russian rule. Finland becomes autonomous. Finland is now an autonomous Russian Grand Duchy. The Finns establish its legislative body, the Diet. The Finnish state is governed by a group of Finnish citizens initially called the Government Council, later referred to as the Senate of Finland.

During Swedish rule, Turku was Finland's largest city. But now, Tsar Alexander I decides on Helsinki as the new capital. The majority of Finns welcome their newfound autonomy, gaining control over their administration, borders, laws, language, and currency. This autonomy allows them to develop their national identity. In the 1830s, students and educators begin promoting Finnish culture.

Notable figures like Swedish-Finnish writer Johan Ludvig Runeberg and Finnish-speaking physician Elias Lönnrot play pivotal roles. Runeberg's works celebrate Finnish virtues and heroes, while Lönnrot compiles and composes folk poetry into the epic "Kalevala," significantly contributing to the development of Finnish identity. Swedish remains Finland's official language for a while — it is used in education, government, and literature. However, in 1863, Finnish gets official status and gradually becomes the predominant language. Finland's position in the Russian Empire is unique.

With its distinct identity, it is like a separate country within the larger empire. But, Russia is concerned about the growing German influence in the Baltic lands and is concerned that ethnic minorities within the empire will demand independence. Now there are efforts to integrate Finland into Russian culture. In 1898, Tsar Nicholas II appoints General Nikolay Bobrikov as the Governor General of Finland. In 1899, Tsar Nicholas II signs the February Manifesto, initiating a process called Russification.

Russification involves moving legislation to Russia, making Russian the official language, and having Finnish soldiers serve in the Russian army. These changes cause disagreements and unrest in Finland. While some believe in accepting the changes for peace and autonomy, others resist. They stand up for their rights to protect their unique identity and autonomy. In response, Russian authorities decide to clamp down on Finns.

They give Bobrikov more power, leading to the arrest and deportation of Russia's opponents to Siberia. Censorship tightens, and several newspapers close. But then, in 1904, Bobrikov is assassinated by Eugen Schauman. In 1905, Russia faces a significant setback in a war against Japan, leading to unrest throughout Russia from 1905 to 1907. With his authority in jeopardy, the Tsar agrees to reforms to maintain his hold on power.

As part of these reforms, the Russification of Finland is canceled in 1905, and Finland prepares for a parliamentary reform. The years between 1899 and 1905 become known as the First Era of Oppression, but it will not be the last…