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Irrational numbers
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Which of the following numbers are real numbers?
If you have already learned about natural numbers, whole numbers and rational numbers, it's time to know what comes next. And the next step is the set of irrational numbers. You remember that a rational number can be written as a fraction? In ancient Greece, mathematicians believed for a long time that all numbers could be described as a quotient of two whole numbers. One day, about 2500 years ago, a man who might have been called Hippasus discovered that this was not quite true.
He realised that there are numbers that could not be written as fractions. Moreover, they couldn't be properly described at all! This discovery made the other mathematicians so angry that they killed or exiled Hippasus. We don't know what exactly happened, but they were far from happy. Numbers that are not rational are called irrational.
This does not mean that they behave strangely or illogically, only that they cannot be written as fractions. One of the irrational numbers you will probably recognize. This is the Greek letter Pi, which describes the relationship between the circumference of a circle and its diameter. Other examples of irrational numbers are the square root of two, Euler's number "e", and the golden ratio. But there are many more of them.
An infinite number, to be exact. If you write numbers in decimal format, you can tell which numbers are rational and which ones are irrational. A rational number in decimal format either has a finite number of digits after the decimal comma, as in three quarters or seven eighths, or the decimals are repeated, as in one third, five ninths, nine elevenths or seven twelfths. On the contrary, the irrational numbers always have an infinite number of decimal digits that do not repeat. Square root of most numbers is irrational, except for the perfect squares.
One, four, nine, sixteen etc are the squares of one, two, three and four. They are examples of perfect squares. Square roots of perfect squares are rational numbers, but all other square roots are irrational numbers. Here is an interesting thing about irrational numbers: The number line can contain as many rational numbers between two whole numbers as you like - an infinite number. But there are still numbers that cannot be written as fractions - these are the irrational numbers.
There are always holes in the number line that cannot be filled, not even with an infinite number of rational numbers. To fill these holes, you need irrational numbers, and there is an infinite number of them too. Rational and irrational numbers together fill up all the holes on the number line and make it a coherent line. Rational and irrational numbers together are called real numbers. Therefore, the number line is sometimes called a real number line.
The set of real numbers is denoted by a capital "R". Here is a number line. Real numbers fill up every point, with no holes. Whole numbers are included in the set of real numbers. Positive whole numbers and zero are the natural numbers.
The rest of rational numbers, which can be written as fractions, lie between whole numbers... And irrational numbers, which cannot be written as fractions, are squeezed in between rational numbers. Rational and irrational numbers cover every point on the line. They are called real numbers. The whole picture contains all real numbers.
Irrational and rational numbers are separate number sets. Only rational numbers include whole numbers and natural numbers. On this side of the picture the smaller number sets are included in the larger one.